Internationale Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Managementwissenschaften

Changes in policy are inevitable and may occur suddenly. Numerous alterations to individual and organisational decisions are driven by uncertainty. For the purpose of catching recent events or predicting dynamic advancement, political, social, economic, or both rules may be referred to. Uncertainty may occasionally result from dynamism, which can jolt the stock market. When the government announces several policy changes and creates a great deal of uncertainty, it will result in stock market volatility and correlations. The Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) index was created by Baker utilising a variety of variables as a proxy for the uncertainty in changes to economic policy. They discovered that the EPU has a considerable influence on both micro and macroeconomic parameters.

The primary operational expense for wastewater treatment is energy. In North America, wastewater treatment facilities use 1-4 percent of the nation's overall energy output, while in Europe, they use about 1 percent. The primary energy users were identified as the aeration equipment connected with biological treatment (58 percent), intake pumping (9 percent), deodorization (8 percent) and sludge treatment equipment in a funded project in the north of Portugal (6 percent). For the survival and expansion of water service organizations as well as for improving management practices, it is crucial to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Management in a circular economy context entails implementing circular economy business models (CEBMs), which ought to result in more affordable, ecologically friendly and sustainable technology.

Using a comprehensive approach, a systematic analysis of studies in the field of heat transfer and temperature distribution along the length of oil production wells along the height of the production casing (PC) and the tubing is given. In these studies, a significant number of analytical solutions were obtained as a result of analytical research on the subject. It is shown that as the temperature decreases along the height of the production casing (PC) and the lifting tubing, the probability of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) increases, leading to complications in the oil production well (OBW). In this paper, we propose new mathematical models for determining the temperature distribution (TD) along the height of PC and the lifting tubing, taking into account the geometric gradient and temperature gradient in the liquid and gas layer of PC. A mathematical model and geometrical interpretation of heat transfer processes in the tubing is also proposed. It is shown that TD at the height of the tubing differs significantly from TD along the height of PC. The temperature log (temperature curve) along the PC borehole and the tubing is given.

One of the most debated and researched fields in the business world are motivation. Why do people do what they do and how can we motivate others to do what we need them to do in the business place? If we understand how and why people are motivated, we can encourage them to be their best and do their best at work. The more that people are motivated to be successful and achieve the goals set for them, the more their confidence in their own abilities will grow as well, which can, in turn, make them even more motivated. But you can also work on your own confidence and motivation in the workplace in order to achieve your goals and intentions. When people are confident and motivated at work, there are many positive factors that result in the workplace:

• Job satisfaction improves

• Effort increases

• Working environment improves

• Results are the focus

• Drive is created

• Everyone’s full potential can be tapped

• Everyone is certain of the role they are to fulfill