Internationale Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Managementwissenschaften

Academic studies research focusing on the protection of economics may be traced again to the 1960’s while economics became taken into consideration of the dimensions of protection. There is an obligation of protection economics: to attain the greatest stability among protection itself and the fee of imparting the protection and to expand the greatest combination of rewards and consequences to stable the expenses of protection measures below the framework of opposition and bargaining. In that case, protection seems like a resource-absorbing product or service. Thus, the goal of protection economics is to supply protection in an appropriate quantity and as cost-effectively as possible. Unlike conventional protection, protection economics considers greater at the cost of protection measures. As a result, the greatest protection strategy has to limit the sum of potential accident costs and the accident prevention costs expenses in preference to lessen the frequency and outcomes of injuries to be as little as possible In phrases of operational protection, financial evaluation can make a contribution to our expertise and control of protection.

This article compares the development process of the cultural and creative industries of Malaysia's overseas art management with the development process of the cultural and creative industries of Chinese museums in Beijing. The main research object of this article is "museum cultural and creative products", which means "sold in museum physical stores or e-commerce platforms, innovatively extract and use cultural and artistic elements of the collection of cultural relics to design, produce, ornamental, memorial, A special product with practicality." This article focuses on the main problems in the process of developing museum cultural and creative products, including authorization model, research and development design, marketing promotion, motivation mechanism and other aspects. Internationally, European and American museums first explored industrialized management and were the pioneers in the development of cultural and creative industries in the museum sector. They have a profound historical background and socio-economic motivations. In the 1970s, European and American countries led to a shift in government-led policies due to economic depression, and a series of new trends emerged in the social and cultural fields, which gave birth to three major trends.

This study attempts to examine the impact of foreign direct investment on export growth in Ethiopia over the period 1991-2016. In order to achieve the stated objectives, we separate the effects of FDI into supply capacity-increasing effects and FDI specific effects and estimated by using Engle Granger two step procedures of cointegration and error correction model. Accordingly, the result shows that a FDI inflow has supply-increasing and positive FDI-specific effects on export growth in the long run. The error correction modeling approach found that the coefficient of error term has a correct sign (-0.67) and statistically significant at 5 percent level. This means that export converges to its long run equilibrium value at the speed of 67 percent per annum. The result also found a positive FDI-specific effect in the short run. This revealed that specific efforts aimed at attracting further FDI would be justified. Therefore, to increase export growth, government should attract inward FDI by providing special incentives to foreign firms and designing other appropriate polices and reforms, devaluated birr (on a real trade-weighted basis) against foreign currency, boosting potential output and expanding exports destinations.

Capital structure is as yet a riddle among researchers especially in the finance literature. The capital structure puzzle has been evolving over the years and there are several theories that seems to provide ideal solution or explanations. These theories are grouped into traditional and modern theories of capital structure. The overarching purpose of this study is to review extensively from traditional to modern the existing theories of capital structure that have been suggested in finance research to serve as guide for practitioners in taking decision about capital structure mix.

The report underlined the job and the significance of consumer loyalty and devotion. Clients are the connection to business
achievement. A business association should zero in on the countless client, for this consumer loyalty and faithfulness ought to be joined along
with the drawn-out objectives. This postulation was actualized to breaking down the connection between consumer loyalty and client
relationship. The goal of this exploration is to consider the idea of consumer loyalty, client faithfulness and its relationship. Besides, this
proposition contemplates the components that impact consumer loyalty and dedication. This proposition additionally breaks down the
components that have sway on consumer loyalty and result in client devotion. Different strategies that have been generally used to gauge
consumer loyalty and the resultant consequences of having steadfast clients are introduced.

This paper analyzes the role of off-farm income on 149 households’ food security in rural Ethiopia using an original panel data set.
Simultaneously, the study states out identifying types of off-farm activities and respective income levels, measuring households’
food security status and the potential determinants of the households’ participation on off-farm activities. In order to achieve the stated aims,
respondent rural households were selected randomly following a two stage sampling procedures. Primary and secondary data were also used.
The data regarding determinants of participation on off-farm activities were analyzed using binary logistic regression model. Inferential
statistics such as t-test and chi-square (X2) tests were also used to describe characteristics of participants and food security status.
This study followed a consumption based calorie deprivation indicator to measure the household food security status using seven days
recalling technique. Therefore, the survey result shows that major sources of off-farm incomes identified in the study area were daily labor,
petty trade, sale of charcoal, sale of firewood, donkey renting, and micro enterprises. About 109 (73.15%) and 40 (26.857%) of sample
respondents were participants and non-participants respectively. All the 60 households participated on off-farm activities were food secured
and no household was found food secure from non-participant groups. Among 89 food insecure households, about 49 and 40 were food
secured and insecure respectively. Out of 10 independent variables used in binary logistic regression model, age and household size in AE
were found significant at less than 1% probability level, credit utilization and frequency of extension contacts were found significant at less than
10% probability level and ownership of livestock resources by the household was significant at less than 5% probability level. The model
estimate correctly predicted 73.8% of the sample cases, 82% participants and 80% non-participants. Finally, there is a need to strengthen
the link between farm and off-farm activities, diversification of off-farm employment opportunities for rural households, give attention for old
aged and female headed households in rural development interventions, limit population size through integrated health and education
services, introduce appropriate livestock packages, promote and facilitate effective credit services, strengthening the role of DAs and
entrepreneurial skill development to enhance participation of the households in off-farm activities and protect natural forests and vegetation
cover of the District.

Purpose: Wagner hypothesized a bi-causal relationship between public expenditure and economic growth. But, extension of this theory to
public health expenditure and economic growth remains unsettled. This study re-examined the connection between public health
expenditure and GDP in Nigeria within the context of Wagner’s theory of ever-increasing State activities.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used time series data from 2000-2016 sourced from World Development Indicators. Unit root tests
were used to test the stationarity of the data. Causality between public health expenditure and GDP was done with the granger causality test
while the co-integration test was used to examine the existence of a long-run relationship between public health expenditure and GDP.
Findings: The study found a long-run relationship between public health expenditure and GDP, but, neither uni-directional nor bi-directional
relationship between public health expenditure and GDP from the granger-causality test. Hence, it was concluded that Wagner’s theory does not
explain the relationship between public health expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria.
Research Limitation: The government’s capital expenditure on social community services was used for capital health expenditure
due to unavailability of data on the government’s capital health expenditure.
Practical Implication: Economic growth is beyond a mere increase in public health expenditure.
Social Implication: Increased public health expenditure improves health and life expectancy but does not automatically translate to increase
the productivity of labour.
Originality/value: The re-examination of the dynamics of public health expenditure and economic growth

Marriage is an important social institution. Nowadays, this sacred institution is being commercialised due to the changing trends in weddings.
On the one hand people spend lakhs/crores for a wedding, whereas, on the other side there are families who struggle to conduct their
daughter’s marriage.
Kerala is a state, known for its extravagant wedding especially the use of gold.
A daughter’s marriage is a costly event in the life of an Indian family, often driving parents into severe debt at interest rates of over 200
percentages. These expenses, which amount to more than six times a family’s annual income, can force a family in the destitution and bonded
labour especially when there are several daughters to be married. The economic burden of a daughter’s marriage has been identified as
a major cause of gender discrimination and domestic violence in the Indian subcontinent. Marriage a norm in most parts of the
country. Indian wedding have always been special occasions, celebrated with zest, enthusiasm, and in the case of the wealthy,
elaborate setting and food. But as a growing economy pumps new wealth in to the country, weddings have turned into veritable
showpieces. Times have changed the festive spirit, and have taken on a more ostentatious flavor as weddings become occasions for
India’s rapidly growing affluent classes to show off their wealth. There are many factors that contribute towards the system of dowry

India is a large country that ranks second in the world in terms of population and seventh in terms of geographical area. But India lagged behind economically and socially compared to the developed world. Government both at National Level and State Level are focusing to implement their projects through PPP Model. Government works with private sectors as a party to deliver fast and furious services under estimated time. India can enhance the expected economic growth through PPP Model. This paper focus on State wise, Sector wise, Authority wise and Year wise inflow of Public Private Partnership in India during December 2005 to December 2019 and Sector wise inflow of Public Private Partnership during 1st April 2020 to 31st March 2021.

To address self-employment with entrepreneurship, there are various forms of capital and intentions that influences individual engagement
in self-employment. In consideration of this, the study investigates the influence of entrepreneurial intention and autonomy on selfemployment
under different levels of TVETs support. To meet this aim, the study employed both descriptive and explanatory research
design and analyzed the data collected from 124 sample respondents through questionnaire using descriptive and hierarchical
regression analysis. From this, the finding indicates that the entrepreneurial intention and autonomy were not at a good level, while
they significantly influence self-employment. Similarly, the presence of human capital development improves the influence of
psychological intentions on self-employment. Therefore, TVET colleges should focus more on the human capital development rather
than social capital in improving the self-employment. Moreover, the future research should test the influence of other variables such
as TVETS support flexibility and entrepreneurship training as a determinants of self-employment.

In the hospitality industry, service delivery has received a lot of attention due to the fact that the industry is becoming increasingly competitive.
This paper presents an empirical quantitative result on the effect of Total Quality Management on customer satisfaction and
retention. The descriptive research design was employed to conduct the whole study. The sample size for the study was 81 which consist
of the customers, management and non-management staff of selected hotels in Western Ghana. Quota sampling and purposive sampling were
employed to select the respondents. Logistic regression, ordinary least square, and relative performance index were the tools used to analyze
the data. The study reveals that total Quality Management positively affects customer satisfaction and retention. The results further indicate
that lack of resources, lack of evaluating procedure, benchmark indices, and lack of commitment from top-level management are the
moderate challenges of Total Quality Management in the hospitality industry in Western Ghana.

India is no doubt a growing economy and many consider it an attractive country to invest in, particularly in its rapidly growing and changing
insurance market. Indian insurance industry is one of the sunrise sectors with huge growth potential. Foreign direct investment plays an
important role in the economic development of the country. Insurance companies in India’s nascent insurance industry are eager to get more
foreign capital to grow their businesses. If they could raise fresh capital from overseas partners and use that to expand, they could
become profitable sooner. Foreign companies such as the U.K.’s Standard Life PLC and Prudential PLC, Germany’s Allianz SE and
MetLife Inc. of the U.S. are among the companies which operate in India. If they beefed up their Indian units, it could threaten the dominance of
state-run companies in India’s insurance sector.
This paper discusses the imperative enablers of private life insurance companies in Indian economy by analysing various
parameters like the insurance penetration and insurance density increased foreign capital inflow, job employment opportunities and level
playing field.