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In modern medicine, integrating molecular biomarkers has dramatically transformed drug development and therapeutic strategies. These biomarkers, which reflect biological processes or responses to treatment, provide critical insights into disease mechanisms, patient stratification, and treatment outcomes. They include a range of molecules like DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites, circulating tumour cells, and imaging features. These diverse biomarkers offer valuable information for diagnosing, predicting, and monitoring diseases. Advances in comics technologies—such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—allow researchers to thoroughly analyse biomarker profiles linked to diseases and drug responses. Through advancements in omits technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, researchers can comprehensively characterize biomarker profiles associated with disease states and drug responses.
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