Zeitschrift für Bioverarbeitung und Biotechnik

A Background: Mallotus oppostifollous is a shrub that has historically been used to cure various ailments including infections, wounds, inflammations, and illnesses linked to oxidative stress in places they occur like South East Nigeria. In the present study the ethyl-acetate and butanol fractions of Mallotus oppostifollous was evaluated for the hypoglycemic and ant hyperglycemic effect using mice.

Methods: The dried powdered leaf of M. oppositifolius was extracted by cold maceration using absolute methanol, filtered and dried using rotary evaporator. The dried extract was partitioned into n-hexane, Ethyl Acetate (EAF), Butanol (BF), and Water Fraction (WF) using standard laboratory procedure. Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg) and the animals were observed for hyperglycemia. A total of 42 hyperglycemic mice with were randomized into 7 experimental groups of six animals per group as follows; group 1 (untreated control), group 2 (hyperglycemic control), group 3 the positive control (metformin, 500 mg/kg) while groups 4 to 7 were administered 250 and 500 mg/kg doses of EAF and BF respectively.

Results: The results showed that the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions contained glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The findings further showed that mice treated with ethyl-acetate and butanol fractions of Mallotus oppostifollous had significant reduction (P<0.05) in fasting blood glucose levels within 10 hours of acute treatment and further showed significant reduction (P<0.05) in fasting blood glucose levels 14 days long term treatment when compared with the hyperglycemic control.

Conclusion: We, therefore, conclude that the hypoglycemic potency of the fractions was greater in the ethyl-acetate fraction than the butanol fraction. Also, the histopathological result showed that mice treated with ethyl-acetate fraction had rejuvenated pancreatic β-cells islets and therefore suggested that ethyl-acetate fraction could contain compounds with known antidiabetic activity. Therefore, we recommend that further study should be carried out to isolate and characterize the compounds in the ethyl-acetate fraction responsible for the active hypoglycemic activity.

A freshwater green microalgal strain was isolated, and presence of lectin was identified by its strong Hemagglutination Activity (HA). The molecular characterization of algal strain was found to be the Chlorella sorokiniana (MW769776). The Chlorella Sorokiniana Lectin (CSL) was purified by single-step affinity chromatography method using guar-gum as a resin. The precipitate showed single active peak with titer value of 1024 HU, specific activity of 539 mg/mL, and with purification factor. The purified lectin revealed single band on denaturing electrophoresis with. Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) analysis of tryptic digested purified lectin suggested that it was a monomeric protein. A multiple sequence alignment study revealed that the peptide sequences of CSL exhibited similarity with the H-type lectin domain from Micractinium conductrix. The structure of CSL was studied by FTIR and homology modeling methods, indicating that its secondary structure contained α-helix, β-sheet, and unordered structure, whereas the 3D structure exhibited the similarity with proteins from light-harvesting reaction center complex of photosystem I. The main significance of this study includes the characteristics of CSL are consistent with its identification as a hemagglutinin, a kind of novel lectin, which suggests its candidature for various biological purposes.

Conventional glass electrodes and cutting-edge iridium oxide pH sensors were used to monitor fish product safety and quality controls. Because pH is used in so many chemical processes, practically all aqua samples have their pH checked at some point. So, amperometric or potentiometric devices are used in the most common pH sensor systems. Because of its excellent selectivity for hydrogen ions in a solution, durability, and ease of use, the most common potentiometric technique uses a glass electrode. Thus, tilapia fish samples were taken in the Gambella region's Baro River and promptly transferred to Addis Ababa, where they were held in the refrigerator until they were frozen. Mechanical unit operations were carried out at Wolkite university in food process engineering laboratories, Ethiopia. The liberated fish samples were dried in an oven before they were tested for pH at the JIJE Laboglass laboratory in Addis Ababa. Following the calibration of a standard solution with pH values of 4, 7, and 9.22, a solution made from a fish sample was calibrated, and the result was recorded on the pH meter. As a result, the pH values of the fish samples were 7.04 and 6.8 for direct and frozen samples, respectively. Hence, samples were reported as being at neutral levels. Due to the action of the quick-frozen method, or instantaneous freezing operation, the gapping problem after fish harvesting was negligible. Finally, it was determined that before conducting any nutritional parameters in the fish processing sector for the final finished containment, convenience, communicability, and protection of fish products, temperature, chemical activities, enzymatic activities, and microbiological deterioration must be managed. This is because fisheries require the most common processes used in the industry in the past, present, and future, so more scientific advancements should be made. In conclusion, prior to any processing unit operation, advanced pH measurement of fish safety and quality should be the primary application. As a result, it was the most effective approach for preventing fish and fish products from spoiling. In order to optimize the method, more research is needed to better understand the impact of proximal fish composition, post-harvest history, ambient conditions, microbial load, and the type and nature of bacteria. Therefore, pH testing is vital for fish safety and quality control of the finished products.

Cultured mammalian cells are the primary source of biologics. Cellular metabolism has a significant impact on the performance of these cell culture processes in terms of both productivity and product quality attributes. The primary carbon source for cellular biosynthesis and energy generation is glucose. Recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of glucose metabolism in cultured cells are summarised here. Allosteric regulation of the metabolic network, interplay between signalling pathways, and transcription factors enable cells to maintain homeostatic states in widely varying environments. Understanding metabolism regulation holds the key to changing the metabolic regulatory circuit and implementing direct metabolic control over cell culture processes.

One of the most frequently mutated oncogenic pathways in cancer is the MAPK pathway. Although RAS mutations are the most common MAPK changes, changes in downstream components of the pathway, such as the RAF and MEK genes, offer promising therapeutic opportunities. Other alterations in the RAF and MEK genes may provide rarer, but tractable, targets in addition to BRAFV600 mutations, for which several approved therapeutic regimens, exist. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated the complexity of MAPK signalling and highlighted the fact that different alterations in these genes may have strikingly different properties. Understanding the distinct functional properties of specific RAF and MEK alterations, as discussed here, will be critical for developing effective therapeutic approaches for these targets.