Zeitschrift für Bioanalyse und Biomedizin

The most abundant protein collagen in the human body about one-quarter by weight is expressed as fibrils in basically cell-forming and vigorous conjunctive tissues like the skin, joints, ligaments, and bones. Additionally, the collagen macromolecule is assisting humanity in numerous ways among the biopolymers. Even though it has been used for a long time in cosmetics, its biological properties, such as being nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, structural integrity, cellular affinity, and low antigenicity, have made it more popular in biomedical and pharmaceutical settings. Its amazing biodegradability and outstanding bioactivity by endogenous collagenases chemical believer exogenous collagen for biomedical use. The most suitable extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecule is triple helix 29 collagen, which has three distinct variants. Type I collagen gradually loses thickness and strength over time, which can be linked to skin aging. The sources, structures, extractions, and properties (such as bioactive, mechanical, viscoelastic, tensile, etc.) are the primary focus of this review. of collagen proteins for applications in the biomedical field. Human tissue scaffolds, cardiac implantation, wound healing, cornea membranes, dental membrane, dermal filler, cosmetic surgery, etc. can all benefit from the abundance of collagen protein found in nature. as this review demonstrates. Prospects are also informed about bodysuit collagen's application-specific benefits and drawbacks.

The contribution of plastic waste that is disposed of improperly is estimated to be 30% worldwide, and these wastes pose a particular threat to all living things. As a result, in recent years, the evaluation of the potential effects of plastic particles on the biotic component of ecosystems has grown in importance. Consequently, since 2018, the number of publications on this topic has increased. The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the effects of bioplastic particles and plastics derived from petroleum, also known as (bio) plastics, on the terrestrial ecosystem, particularly soil biota. This is the first review to examine the potential effects of bioplastics and plastics derived from petroleum on the soil compartment. Petroleum-derived plastics were studied more frequently than bioplastics, and 18% of the papers analyzed dealt with bioplastics. Bioplastics were found to have no effect on seed germination. However, they might make the process of germination take longer to complete. Root and stem growth was subjected to effects that were both inhibitory and stimulating. The biochemical activity of nitrifiers and the transformation of carbon compounds were unaffected by bioplastic microparticles. Earthworms were the primary organisms used to examine the effects of petroleum-derived plastics on soil biota, but data on bioplastics are scarce. Microplastics derived from petroleum that can be found in soil at concentrations of up to 1000 mg kg1 typically do not affect earthworm reproduction or cause earthworm mortality. Petroleum-derived plastics may accumulate in the intestine of earthworms and travel up the food chain as micro- and nanoparticles. In conclusion, the final evaluation of bioplastics' ecotoxicity is hampered by the high variability of results and the apparent lack of dose-dependence relationships, necessitating the development of ecotoxicological studies on bioplastics, particularly those on the effects of bioplastics on soil animals.