Zeitschrift für AIDS und klinische Forschung

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of biomedical engineering and has revolutionized the understanding of fluid dynamics within the human body. The respiratory system, in particular, poses unique challenges due to the complex airflow patterns and associated acoustics. This article explores the application of CFD in assessing flow-induced acoustics to diagnose various lung conditions. By simulating airflow and acoustic phenomena, CFD provides valuable insights into respiratory disorders, improving diagnosis, and facilitating the development of personalized treatment strategies.

Background: In Sub-Sahara Africa, young people aged between 15 and 24 years are disproportionately affected by the HIV pandemic and represent a growing population in need of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. Several theory-based HIV prevention interventions have been developed and implemented to reduce the risk of HIV infection transmission among young people and enhance positive sexual behaviours. However, there are few evidence syntheses that highlight the role of theory-based HIV and sexual health interventions in enhancing positive sexual behaviours among young people in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to map evidence on the role of theory-based HIV prevention intervention in enhancing positive sexual behaviour outcomes and reducing risk factors among young people aged 10 -24 years of age in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods: This scoping review will adopt the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley. We will identify several databases which will include PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest One Academic, Web of Science, and Google scholar. We will search for relevant studies from 2012 onwards, written in English, and conducted in the SSA region. We will adopt a two-stage process where two independent reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts for eligibility after which they will carry out data extraction and analysis through an iterative process. This will be followed by a full-text screening of the articles from the selected titles and abstracts.

Discussion: Results from this scoping review can inform policy changes and guide future HIV programme developers to develop and implement effective theory-based HIV interventions among young people in SSA. It can provide insights on how theories can be combined to address complex behavioural characteristics. Importantly, the review will act as a backdrop to many theory-based HIV interventions that seek to integrate the positive youth development approach in existing HIV prevention programmes.

Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate joint predictors of pulse rate and time to first recovery among diabetes mellitus patients under treatment.

Method: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted in this study. Linear mixed model and cox-proportional hazard model for separate analysis and joint model for the two responses were used.

Results: Among the participants, 66.7% of patients were female, and 19% of the patients had a family disease history. The time needed to reach the first recovery among male patients was significantly longer compared to female patients. The time needed to reach the first recovery among patients with no other related disease was significantly shorter as compared with patients with other related diseases (HR=0.0893).The estimated association parameter (α) in the joint model was -1.5108, with a p-value<0.001. The result indicates that the higher the pulse rate was associated with the lower time to the first recovery.

Conclusion: The variable age, residence area, other related diseases, and hypertension significantly and jointly affected both of the two responses. Due attention should be given to aged patients, patients with family disease history, patients with other related diseases, and rural patients.

Background: Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world which is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). The virus can attack and injure the liver. The infection of hepatitis B virus leads to chronic viral hepatitis infections in hundreds of millions of people in worldwide. The objective of current study was to identify factors that affect the progression rate of hepatitis B virus in patients’ liver who were treated at Felege-Hiwot teaching and specialized hospital, during treatment period.

Methods: The data for this study was obtained from hepatitis B patients chart registered for treatment during January 2013 to December 2016 at chronic hepatitis B patients’ clinic at Felege-Hiwot teaching and specialized hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. A retrospective study design was conducted in current investigation. The estimation of the model parameters was done by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedures.

Results: From the linear mixed effect model, main effects like visiting time (p-value<0.001), sex (p-value=0.0332), age (p-value<0.001), vaccination history (p-value=0.0141), marital status (p-value=0.0032), alanine aminotransferase (p-value=0.0057), genotype, A (p-value=0.0154), genotype, B (p-value=0.0183), genotype, C (p-value=0.0143) and albumin (p-value=0.0329) significantly affected the variable of interest. Similarly, interaction effects of time with marital status (p-value=0.0042) played statistically significance role on the progression rate of hepatitis B virus in the liver of patients.

Conclusion: A certain groups which are at maximum risk and needs intervention have been identified. Highly concrete evidences have been increased from time to time for certain population with chronic HBV infection being at great risk for progression of liver disease. Hepatitis B virus infected patients at the study area should have information about factors that can affect the progression rate of HBV. Ministry of health or health staff should aware the community to take vaccination that helps to protect individuals from hepatitis B virus.

Background: The rate of prevalence of HIV among adults has been increasing in Sub-Saharan African countries over the last decade. The objective of this study was to identify the joint predictors of cART adherence and disclosure of HIV status among HIV infected adults at Felege Hiwot teaching and specialized hospital, North-West Ethiopia.

Methodology: A retrospective cohort of longitudinal data was conducted on 792 randomly selected patients in the study area. A joint model was used to identify predictor variables. The two response variables under the current investigation were cART adherence and disclosure of HIV status. Binary logistic regression was conducted for separate models.

Results: Among the predictors, the age of patients (AOR=1.020, 95% CI: (1.016,1.191); p-value=0.005), the number of follow-ups (AOR=1.014, 95% CI: (1.023, 1.030); p-value<0.0001). CD4 cell count (AOR=0.981; 95% CI: (0.765, 0.971), p-value<0.01), marital status (AOR=1.013; 95% CI: (1.002, 1.015), p-value=0.006), female patients (AOR=1.014; 95% CI; (1.001, 1.121), p-value<0.007), rural (AOR=0.982; 95% CI; (0.665, 0.998), p-value=0.004), non-educated adult patients (AOR=0.950, 95% CI; (0.92. 0.98). p-value=0.003), non-existence of social violence (AOR=1.012, 95% CI: (1.008, 1.234), p-value<0.01), an adult with non-opportunistic diseases (AOR=1.021, 95% CI; (1.002, 1.042). p-value=0.001) significantly affected the two response variables jointly.

Conclusion: Several variables that affected both disclosures of HIV status and adherence to cART had been identified in the current investigation. Due attention should be given to younger patients, rural residents, and non-educated patients to disclose the disease status and to have a long life with the virus.

Background: The use of structural equation modeling and latent variables remains unusual in epidemiology despite its potential usefulness and assessment of causal relations. Measuring the direct and indirect effect of latent variables helps with proper intervention and for the ART program to be effective. The main objective of the current investigation was to assess causal inference of assessment of the direct and indirect effect of latent covariates on CD4 cell count change for HIV positive adults under HAART.

Methods: Based on the repeated measures of CD4 cell count change data obtained in the ART section at Felege Hiwot teaching and specialized hospital, AMOS software was used for parameter estimation. The study was conducted on 792 randomly selected HIV positive adults. The data were collected by the health staff after a brief orientation of the variables under study.

Results: CD4 cell count change was directly and indirectly affected by the latent variables. The powers of effects of observed variables with and without latent variables were a little bit different from each other. Hence, the powerful effect of observed variables with latent variables was lower as compared to those without latent variables. The direct effect of latent variables on the response variable was a little bit greater than the indirect effect.

Conclusion: The power of the effects of observed variables was stronger than their effects with latent variables. Hence, the latent variables had significant contributions to the progress of CD4 cell count change. Health related education about the direct and indirect effects of latent variables should be given to patients under HAART. Knowledge of direct and indirect effects on the variable of interest is important for proper intervention in ART programs.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. Over the past few decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the biology of HIV, developing new treatments, and improving outcomes for people living with the virus. Here are some of the advances in HIV research and treatment. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a combination of drugs that suppress the replication of HIV in the body. ART is the cornerstone of HIV treatment and can significantly reduce the amount of virus in the blood, improving the immune system and reducing the risk of AIDS-related illnesses. ART is highly effective and has transformed HIV from a deadly disease to a manageable chronic condition. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that is taken daily to prevent HIV infection. PrEP is highly effective when taken as prescribed and can reduce the risk of HIV infection by up to 99%. PrEP is recommended for people who are at high risk of HIV infection, including men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and people in serodiscordant relationships (where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative). Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a medication that is taken after exposure to HIV to prevent infection. PEP is recommended for people who have had a potential exposure to HIV, such as through unprotected sex or needle-sharing.

The objective of this study is to comprehend how medical staff interacts with patients who have been diagnosed with HIV. Data collection took place between 2020 and 2021 as part of the study methodology for this analysis, which used the constructivist approach of grounded theory. By the analysis of the in-depth interviews, the core category, "Revealing the relationship between the professional and the person at the time of the positive result for HIV/AIDS," was developed. The patient's care, bonding, acceptance, and adherence to the recommended course of treatment are all impacted by the nurse's proximity to the patient in terms of their sentiments and behaviours.

HIV superinfection is a phenomenon where an individual who is already infected with one strain of HIV gets infected with another strain of the virus. This can happen when a person engages in unprotected sex with an HIVpositive partner who has a different strain of the virus, or when a person shares needles with someone who is infected with a different strain of the virus. HIV superinfection is relatively rare, but it can have serious consequences for the health of those affected. Superinfection occurs when an HIV-positive individual is exposed to a different strain of the virus.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. Early detection of HIV is essential to prevent the virus from causing significant harm to the immune system and to prevent the transmission of the virus to others. Advances in HIV diagnosis have made it easier to detect HIV early and accurately, improving treatment outcomes and reducing the spread of the virus.Traditional HIV diagnostic tests rely on the detection of HIV antibodies in the blood. Antibodies are proteins that the body produces in response to an infection, and their presence in the blood indicates exposure to the virus.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, compromising its ability to fight off infections and diseases. HIV can be transmitted through bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk, and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated. HIV status refers to a person's current state of infection with HIV, including whether they have tested positive or negative for the virus, their stage of infection, and their viral load.Testing for HIV is an essential component of HIV prevention and treatment efforts. Early detection and treatment of HIV can significantly improve health outcomes and prevent the transmission of the virus to others.