Zeitschrift für Global Economics

World Health Organization (WHO) state Worlds 57 countries suffered from shortage of doctors in term of health worker imbalance, maldistribution. The objective of this study is to assess does substitution can be carried out in the mainstream of health systems to reduce health workforce syndrome for developing countries. Six facilities (two union health family welfare center, two Upazilla health complex and two clinics from Non-Government Organizations) were taken purposively. A structured questioner addressing one hundred and eleven (111) variables for Essential service package was used for in-depth interviews and observation. A hypothetical framework was used to focus on substitution, crisis and policy implication. Study report reveals that in seven components of Essential Service Package most of the services provided by doctors in public health facilities were same services served by non-doctor health care providers in health care facilities operated by non-government organizations. Non-doctor health care providers are not allow to serve even for non-communicable disease screening. Research result reveal that non-doctor health care service providers skill and expertise regards maternal health care, child health care, adolescent care, nutritional care and care for other diseases are gold standard. Regard maternal health care services non-doctor health care service providers not able to serve and referred the cases of identify obstetric emergencies (ANC7), labour induction (ND4), episiotomy (ND7) and identify and manage obstetric emergencies (isolation or B/CEmonC), obstructed labour, pre/eclampsia, haemorrhage, pre-term labour, including administration of antenatal Corticosteroids (ND8) and complicated cases (ND9), identification and management of obstetric complications:, Hemorrhage, Puerperal infection/sepsis (PNC4). In respect to neonatal care non-doctor providers not cannot manage preterm or low birth weight (LBW) neonate (INC4), identification and management of sepsis (NCD5), identification and management of omphalitis (NCD6), identification and management of LBW babies (refer <1, 800 (NCD7), identification and management of neonatal jaundice (NCD8) and obs and neonatal emergencies. Among family planning services non-doctor provider at NGO clinic do not serve the services are advocacy and awareness development on PPFP and post-MR/PAC–FP (FP2), menstrual regulation(FP11), post abortion FP(FP12), post-partum FP (FP13), post MR–FP (FP14), management of contraceptive complications (FP15). IMCI and EPI were well covered by non-doctor health care service providers following book chart let. Non-doctor health care service providers well capable to serve the services of essential service package (ESP). If top-up training given to them and allow to served more services that presently not covered would able to covered and doctors were get to engage themselves to manage more complicated cases. A special cadre will create in the mainstream of health service systems that increase service range in public health sector and able to ensure universal health coverage.

Churachandpur district is one of the largest and most fertile hill districts of the state. The district has distinctive characteristics of forest based industries. The entrepreneurship gesture of capital market, accessibility and affordability of raw materials are the unique and emerging vision of industrial development. The district require fast track speeding up of industrial infrastructure and special aid to coordinate the unanimity of economic environmental problem and marketing instability overwhelmed by the ban and blockade culture in the state. The sustainability with the forest based resources (NTFP- Non-Timber Forest Products) by the rural mass was guaranteed to achieve the most important effort on alleviation of poverty. This study cover only Churachandpur district, the district entrepreneurs were stratified into three sample areas i.e., new market, Tuiboung market and Damkam market respectively. There are altogether 60 numbers of respondents, 20 each questionnaire were collected from the sample area and accordingly the research methodology was constructed with a deliberated design. With the help of purposive random sampling, the required numbers of primary data and secondary data were collected and further analysed with the help of SPSS software calculating correlation and regression, keeping income from forest based industries as dependent variable and monthly expenses on education, medical and fooding and clothing as independent variables. The result from the study shows the beauty of the local entrepreneurs’ sustainability on forest based industry.

In this study, we sought to highlight a side of the interrelations between income inequality and health indicators, and other assess the problem taking into account the socio-professional status and regional inequalities. In support databases of EDSN 1998 and EDSN-MICS 2006; after calculating the indicators of inequality, it appears in a preliminary analysis that income inequality has increased in Niger from 1998 to 2006. The analysis of these indicators by region confirms and reinforces the existence of a regional disparity in income inequality. Finally, the level of income inequality by region is itself a determinant of child mortality in Niger. Thus, regions with low child mortality also have the lowest rates of poverty in Niger.

This paper investigates the dynamic links between the exchange rate and the inflation in Tunisia, using annual data during the period 1984–2016. First, we implement unit root analysis to test the stationary. The study makes use of both primary and secondary data and VAR Granger Causality/Block Erogeneity Wald Tests were adopted as the estimation techniques. Granger causality results reveal that there is a unidirectional causal link between the inflation and exchange running from the inflation to the exchange rate and that the exchange rate has no impact on inflation. This study provides some implications regarding potential constraints on monetary policy. A policy of inflation targeting, as an alternative monetary policy, combined with a compatible regime of flexible exchange rates could provide a solution to this dilemma.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of consumption on economic growth in Asia based on 52 countries/territories, while the effects of other variables that are also assumed to affect economic growth are statistically controlled. For this purpose, this study explores different patterns of economic growth based on 18 ‘economic’ variables, including the consumption. There are six patterns of economic growth identified: (1) consumption-driven; (2) export-led; (3) oil-rich; (4) savings-based; (5) government (public) spending-based and (6) domestic investment-based. Empirical evidences show that the dominance of the consumption-driven economic growth in Asia cannot be denied. The patterns found in Asia are shared with the rest of the world economy, yet there were some ‘uniqueness’ to the Asian patterns, which feature as follows: (1) high savings; (2) a large defense spending affected by both oil-richness and politics (authoritarian government); and (3) high ‘national’ global competiveness worldwide. And any negative ‘uniqueness’ to the Asian economy should be reassessed in light of the ‘multidimensionality’ of successful consumption-driven economic growth model as empirically proven in Asia.

The objective of the current approach is to set out how microfinance institutions (MFIs) are incentives for economic development and as sources of lowering poverty. In this respect, a sample of 197 new and old clients having recourse to MFIs is targeted. The discriminant descriptive analysis which is proposed in this article is useful for mainly meeting the results that microfinance has a highly significant effect on improving people’s standards of living as well as lowering poverty rates. The comparison between the new and old clients of MFIs is suggestive of the fact that: the older the MFIs is, the more the opportunity to escape poverty is at reach. It is noted that an ambiguity submerges in the short-term micro-credit. The impacts of microfinance are timely joined. Time as a variable is marked importantly in appreciating microfinance in the long term.

The foremost aim of the present study was to disclose the comparative advantage between developed and developing economies for the years 2006-2015. After careful introspection, among the various indices, Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index was chosen and product commodities with HS code 50-55 were selected for the study to authenticate the compatibility of the textile industry of developing countries. It was found that for HS code 51 (wool, animal hair, horsehair yarn and fabric thereof) developed economies were having higher RCA over developing economies. But for silk, cotton, manmade fibers and filaments, developing economies have favorable conditions for worldwide export. It was observed that in the year 2009, RCA for developing economies was maximum for silk, cotton and manmade fibers /filaments within ten years. RCA values tend to decrease and minimum in the year of 2015 for developed economies for cotton, Vegetable textile fibresnes, paper yarn, woven fabric and manmade fiber/filaments.

The hasty economic progress of emerging economies has opened markets for their international trade during the last 20 years. Therefore, the significance of the topic has simulated a large theoretical and empirical literature of trade and its impact on growth. However, we are interested to find out the impact of regional integration on economic growth to analyze the convergence and specifically the convergence of per capita GDP. This article presents the empirical evidence that countries with open, large and more developed neighboring countries grow faster and converge more than the closed, smaller less developed neighboring economies. In this study, we have examined the issue of convergence for Pakistan during 1980-2016 employing cointegration technique of convergence. It is recommended to policy makers to focus on those factors which are cumulating growth in the country rather to increase the commodity prices.

Trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) relations of Mexico with its two major trading partners, the United States of America (USA) and China are addressed. The link with USA dates centuries back; nowadays its reference is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), put into operation in 1994. The bilateral Grubel and Lloyd Index (GLI) shows high levels, due to the integration of many industries along both sides of the border. Besides, the trade generates a substantial surplus for the country, combined with important FDI inflows. Relations with China resurfaced after the commissioning of NAFTA (as with other Asian countries interested in approaching the world's largest market and also sell in Mexico’s). They are characterized by an excessive unbalance: for every 100 dollars Mexico imports from that country it only manages to export nine, and Chinese FDI in the country is marginal. The bilateral GLI is low, but it has been growing steadily. Although the possibilities of further collaboration seem enormous, in the absence of a comprehensive trade agreement they remain attached to the guidelines of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

The main objective of this study was to examine the short and long-run relationships between macroeconomic variables such as : gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, money supply, consumer price index, interest payment on external debt and fuel import and Jordan’s financial development represented by Amman Stock Exchange (ASE), Conventional Banking System (CBS) and Islamic Banking System (IBS). Moreover; to examine the directional causality between Jordanian economy and financial development. The annual time series data for the period from 1978 to 2013 is used to obtain these objectives. The Granger Causality Test revealed a unidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and Jordan’s financial development. Also, the economic growth appear to lead the ASE while, CBS and IBS appear to lead the economic growth. These results are in support of the theories and the hypotheses of this study which postulates that the financial development were positively affected by GDP, FDI, MS2 and F1 and negatively affected by CPI and IP is the short and long-run analysis. Further, the macroeconomic variables appeared to strongly predict Jordanian financial development performance. Jordan’s government and policy-makers should encourage the investors to establish more Islamic banks, launch awareness campaigns and financial market’s programs, and continue governing the monetary policy in the right direction to combat inflation. Future studies may focus on the influence of other variables such as: the privatisation programs, total debt, public and private domestic savings and economic openness on Jordan’s financial development.

Gaza’s economy is still suffering from the Israeli blockade and the continued closure policy for a long time which have become more rigorous since 2000 and increased with the construction of the Apartheid wall in 2002. After the Israeli retraction from Gaza in 2005, the economic conditions were exacerbated in which Israel continued control over the air, sea and land private sectors. Moreover, in 2007, the restrictions have increased and switched into expanded blockade separates Gaza strip from the outside world. In spite of the mitigations that carried on during 2007-2015 period, represents in increasing the goods quantities which allowed to enter and exit from Gaza Strip for commercial purposes and the increasing number of Palestinians who are allowed to leave through Eretz crossing, the siege and its effects still exists till now.