Zeitschrift für Molekulare Histologie und Medizinische Physiologie

Multiple Kinds of Genetic Changes Can Lead to Cancer

Abstract

Lakshmi Bhai

The proteins known as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) share a lot of similarities with insulin in their sequence. IGFs are a component of a sophisticated system used by cells to interact with their physiologic environment. Two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (IGF-1 and IGF-2), a family of seven high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1 to IGFBP7), and associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, collectively known as proteases, make up this intricate system, which is frequently referred to as the IGF "axis." IGF-1 plays a role in controlling various aspects of brain development, such as neurogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, dendritic branching, and neuroprotection following neuronal damage. IGF-I serum levels that are greater in children have been linked to a higher IQ. IGF-1 regulates apoptosis, which influences how the cochlea develops. Hearing loss can result from its absence. Additionally, an association between low stature and impaired hearing, particularly between the ages of three and five and eighteen, is explained by the serum level of it.